Background and aim: The present study aimed to compare the hot Executive Functions between Achieving gifted students and underachieving gifted students. Data and method: The research design was causal-comparative. The statistical population of this study included all female students of the gifted secondary schools in the city of Yazd during the academic year 2024-2025. From among them, 191 individuals were selected by available sampling method. Then, based on one standard deviation above and one standard deviation below the mean grade point average, two groups were identified: gifted students with high achievement (44 students) and gifted students with low achievement (46 students). The questionnaires used in this research included the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) Hofmann & Kashdan (2010), the Emotional Flexibility Scale (EFS) Rashid & Bayat (2019), and Delay Discounting Scale (DDS) Kirby et al. (1999). Findings: The results of the independent samples t-test indicated that hot Executive Functions, including emotional self-regulation, emotional flexibility, and delay discounting, were significantly higher in the Achievers gifted students compared to the underachievement gifted students (p < 0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that underachieving gifted students exhibit deficits in Hot Executive Functions compared to achieving gifted students. Therefore, attention to these dimensions is recommended in designing educational and intervention programs aimed at improving underachievement among gifted students.

Introduction: Sleep is an essential biological function that has a pivotal role in the development of cognitive skills. Sleep disorders make people susceptible to various cognitive and psychological problems. Therefore, this study aimed to Investigate the Executive Functions in adolescents with sleep disorders. Materials and Methods: The method of the present research was a causal-comparative. The research population consisted of all those who were referred to the health centers and the psychiatric clinic in Tabriz, Iran. 240 adolescents (120 adolescents with sleep disorders and 120 normal adolescents) were selected using available sampling. A sleep disorder checklist (SDS-CL-17) and Executive skills questionnaire (ESQ-R) were used to collect data. Results: The results show that adolescents with sleep disorders have more deficiency in all components of Executive Functions than the healthy group. Conclusion: Our data indicate that sleep disorders make adolescents more susceptible to Executive function problems.